Poem on Chemistry

Poem on chemistry
A wonderful subject, chemistry
engaging than a book of mystery
With atom, molecule, mass and mole
Observing matter as a whole
Being a branch that studies
The composition, interaction and properties
we observe in matter
and know how chemical transformations occur
We know matter exists as solids, liquids
and a multitude more as gases
Changing in state with temperature and pressure
exhibiting their properties as their character
Also classified as elements and compounds
and often found in form of mixtures.
Elements,the purest of them all
with only one type of atom at all
when they combine in fixed ratio
compounds come to show
If not, here comes the mixtures
I don't know what rhymes with it here
When the properties of a substance are studied,
measurement is inherent
Units and measurement, around the world
Different everywhere in meaning and word
Then the International system of units appeared
uniform and common around the world
The range of measurements, not one, nor three
spread wide from ten power minus thirty one- ten power twenty three
So now in numbers, there's uncertainty
large numbers are now expressed exponentially
to measure and calculate easily
When different values are laid in a row
Precision and accuracy need to be known
Precision refers to closeness, accuracy to agreement
of a particular value, to true value of result
Now significant figures, used commonly
are meaningful digits, known with certainty
This also implies a few rules
All non- zero digits declared significant
Zeroes preceding the former not significant
while converting one unit to another,
no change will occur to significant figures.

eXpressfood- The unique taste of sourdough bread

1.The Unique Taste of Sourdough Bread

• Sourdough bread was first tasted by miners during the gold rush.
• This type of bread was named 'Sourdough Bread' for its unique sour taste.
• Conventional bread is made from flour, water, sugar, salt, shortening, and a living microbe, yeast.
• The yeast is named Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which belongs to kingdom Fungi.
• After the ingredients for the bread are mixed, the yeast metabolizes the sugars and produces alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide as waste products. This process is known as fermentation.
• The dough rises as carbon dioxide bubbles get trapped in the sticky matrix.
• The alcohol evaporates during baking and carbon dioxide gas form spaces that remain in the bread.
• Sourdough bread is made with a special sourdough starter culture that is added to flour, water and salt.
• The most famous sourdough bread comes from San Francisco, where a handful of bakeries have continuously cultivated their starters for more than 150 years.
• The unique flavor of sourdough bread in  San Francisco as in the rumors, is said to be caused due to a unique local climate, or contamination from bakery walls.
• Ted .F. Sugihara and Leo Kline from the USDA set out to determine the microbiological basis for the bread's different taste, so that it could be made in other areas.
• It was later found that many species of genus Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis) bacteria are used in this process, and also in dairy fermentation and found naturally in humans and other mammals.

Genetic engineering and cloning

Genetic engineering and cloning

The process of alteration of the genes that an organism passes to its offspring is called genetic engineering.

It can be used to remove genes that cause hereditary diseases or to insert genes which are capable of resisting diseases or pesticides. In some cases, complete synthetic chromosomes have also been inserted.

Genetic engineering at times may be combined with cloning.

It is the production of individuals which are identical by inserting extra nuclei to the cells.

The cloned organism seem to age faster when compared to organisms which are not cloned.

The first cloned mammal was Dolly the sheep in the year 1996.

Television

Making of an idiot

Television (TV) is a telecommunicating medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be black and white or colored, with or without accompanying sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a TV set, TV programming, or Telecommuniation.

 . The Broadcast television system is typically disseminated via radio transmissions on designated channels in the 54–890 MHz frequency band Signals are now often transmitted with stereo or surround sound in many countries. Until the 2000s broadcast TV programs were generally transmitted as an analog television signal, but in 2008 the USA went almost exclusively digital.A standard television set comprises multiple internal electronic circuits, including those for recieving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is properly called a video monitor, rather than a television. A television system may use different technical standards such as digital television (DTV) and high definition television(HDTV). Television systems are also used for surveillance, industrial process control, and guiding of weapons, in places where direct observation is difficult or dangerous

In its early stages of development, television employed a combination of optical, mechanical and electronic technologies to capture, transmit and display a visual image. By the late 1920s, however, those employing only optical and electronic technologies were being explored. All modern television systems relied on the latter, although the knowledge gained from the work on electromechanical systems was crucial in the development of fully electronic television

The first images transmitted electrically were sent by early mechanical fax machines, including the pantelgraph, developed in the late nineteenth century. The concept of electrically powered transmission of television images in motion was first sketched in 1878 as the telephonoscope, shortly after the invention of the telephone. At the time, it was imagined by early science fiction authors, that someday that light could be transmitted over copper wires, as sounds were.

The idea of using scanning to transmit images was put to actual practical use in 1881 in the pantelegraph, through the use of a pendulum-based scanning mechanism. From this period forward, scanning in one form or another has been used in nearly every image transmission technology to date, including television. This is the concept of rasterization, the process of converting a visual image into a stream of electrical pulses.

In 1884 Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a 23-year-old university student in Germany, patented the first electromechanical television system which employed a scanning device, a spinning disk with a series of holes spiraling toward the center, for rasterization. The holes were spaced at equal angular intervals such that in a single rotation the disk would allow light to pass through each hole and onto a light-sensitive selenium sensor which produced the electrical pulses. As an image was focused on the rotating disk, each hole captured a horizontal "slice" of the whole image

poem on ozone layer

A Poem on Ozone Layer

Refrigerators and air conditioners

As we use today

But nobody knows the truth

It is wrong to use all day

Outside our Earth, outside our world

There is somebody struggling today

For the benefit of tomorrow

It had to pain today

The things we use for our comfort

All these today

 Would pain us tomorrow

Which we ignore today

As the children of Earth we should

Protect Ozone today

Who struggles for our safety

Still protects us today.

Mission Mars - Curious with Curiosity

05.32 GMT, few athletes at the Olympic Village were up, stretching, gearing up mentally and physically focusing on the podium, visualizing their victory and kissing their well deserved medal. 

Across, the pacific, a Team, possibly the best scientists and astronomers had their eyes glued to the flawless landing of the "Curiosity rover" which was lowered by 25 foot long cables from a hovering rocket stage on the Red planet we call - Mars. The media reports that the Curiosity caries the most sophisticated movable laboratory. 

An admirer of Astronomy, through this blog, I Congratulate the entire TEAM behind successful landing of the Curiosity.

 

radioactive decay

Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay is the process by which an atomic nucleus of an unstable atom . It loses energy by emitting ionizing particles. There are different types of radioactive decay. A decay, or loss of energy, results when an atom with one type of nucleus , called the parent "radionuclides" transforms to an atom  with a nucleus in a different state, into a different nucleus containing different number of protons and neutrons.
Either of these products is named daughter nuclide. In some decays the parent and daughters are different chemical elements, and thus, the decay process results in nuclear transmutation.

Universal law for radioactive decay.
Radioactivity is one very frequent example for exponential decay. Thee law describes the statistical behavior of a large number of nuclides , rather than individual ones. In the following formalism, the number of nuclides or nuclide population N, is of course a discrete variable- but for any physical sample N is so large ( amts of
         23
L=10   , Avogadro's constant) that it can be treated as a continuous variable.